The Mystery Of Detective Fiction - 1648 Words

Detective Fiction exists as one of the most popular fiction genres of all-time. Detective fiction uses facts and other details to solve a mystery which surrounds a perplexing murder in a novel. Many people gain excitement over a challenge or a test of knowledge when solving a puzzle. A puzzle may baffle or confuse the puzzler; therefore, the puzzler likes to solve the puzzle before the ending. People enjoy the experience of sheer satisfaction of solving a mystery before ending the literary work. Curiosity describes itself as â€Å"the desire to learn or know about anything; inquisitiveness† (Dictionary). Curiosity somehow leads people on the path to try to solve a mystery or a puzzle. It remains a question of why people desire to solve a puzzle. Maybe their inquisitive mind drives them to solve the puzzle or a mystery. Often after the reader finishes reading a detective novel and solving the mystery before the reveal of the murderer, they find this satisfying to the ir curiosity. Thus they begin to continue reading more mystery fictional novels. The birth of detective fiction surfaced around the â€Å"19th century† (Gaines). â€Å"The Moonstone† novel considered the first detective novel written (Sahni). The novel created by Wilkie Collins established the ground rules for detective novels. Before the detective fiction surfaced, many novels conveyed the murderer as the innocent one, instead of the victim as the innocent one. These works of fiction, unfortunately did notShow MoreRelatedThe Golden Age1566 Words   |  6 PagesGolden Age of detective fiction refers to both specific sub-genre and (the cozy) and the historical period (the interwar years)  (James, 2009). It is loosely defined as a soft-boiled detective fiction released between the two wars (World War 1 and World War 2). The Golden age of detective fiction was arguably caused by the interwar period  (James, 2009). This paper seeks to discuss, with references to the fictions of Agatha Christie and other canonical Golden Age texts, why the Detection fiction of the interwarRead MoreThe Mystery Of Mystery Stories1349 Words   |  6 PagesMystery as a literary genre finds its roots in the writings of the 19th century. During this century great writers of the literary fiction utilises their brilliance to lay the foundations of various aspects of the mystery writing. Many fictional characters who were born in the 19th century,are still the most famous personalities of today s fiction. It s interesting to note that US President Abraham Lincoln also wrote a mystery story in the 19th century, based on a real case once he defended(1)Read MoreCompare The Speckled Band, The Red Headed League and Silver Blaze as Examples of Detective Fiction1421 Words   |  6 PagesThe birth of classic detective fiction was originated just in the mid nineteenth century, and was producing its own genre. Classical detective fiction follows a set of rules called the ‘Ten commandments of detective fiction’. The genre is so popular it can bee seen by the number of sales in any good book stores. Many of these books have been created a long time ago and there is still a demand for these types of books. The popularity is still ongoing because it provides constant entertainment, andRead MoreThe Purloined Letter Essay1021 Words   |  5 PagesQuestion: What is the function of genre? Would you classify the ‘Purloined Letter’ a detective fiction or mystery? --------------------------------------------------------------- To categorise texts, allows us to view the world from another perspective, and make sense of the world. This is the function of genre. This allows the responder to class texts even further into sub genres, which have conventions they follow to. Such as Edgar Allen Poe’s ‘The Purloined Letter’ can be classified into theRead More Detective Fiction Essay1159 Words   |  5 Pagesimportant in detective fiction as well. What could be more interesting than having a crime committed in front of you, given all (or most) of the details and still not be able to figure it out? This is exactly how detective fiction authors draw people into these stories and books. By weaving an intricate and interesting plot full of fascinating characters, and all types of details about the crime, readers get drawn into the plot and cannot stop reading until they find out the solution to the mystery. SimplyRead MoreRonald Knoxs Commandments In Detective Fiction1365 Words   |  6 PagesRonal d Knox’s commandments for detective fiction ultimately function as a guide for what he believes constitutes a fair and satisfying instance of the genre, each charge serving to avoid a non-fulfilling resolution for the reader. Knox’s rules in combination work to this end and the ambitions of this essay are to explore works from Poe and Christie in relation to these commandments. Poe, considered the instigator of the detective fiction genre through ‘the Dupin tales’ penned and published worksRead MoreThe History of the Hard-Boiled Detective Essay883 Words   |  4 Pagessub-genres of detective fiction and hard-boiled fiction is one of them. What exactly is hard-boiled detective fiction? Hard-Boiled detective fiction is fiction that features tough, cynical, urban private eyes who expose corruption and frequently get injured in the course of their investigations (Detective Fiction, Literary). Hard-Boiled fiction is considered one of the more popular sub-genres of detective fiction; there have been numerous films and novels about urban detectives exposing corruptionRead MoreThe Comic Stumptown By Greg Rucka And Matthew Southworth And The Retro Audio Podcast Nick Carter Essay1349 Words   |  6 Pages The comic Stumptown by Greg Rucka and Matthew Southworth and the retro audio podcast Nick Carter: Master Detective starring Lon Clack portray the different roles of women in detective fiction. Nick Carter was on the radio from 1943 to 1955, and represents more traditional roles for gender. Over the 125 episodes, the radio show followed detective Nick Carter and his female assistant, Patsy on different crime scene investigations. Carter was also able to solve seemingly impossible crimes by lookingRead MoreThe Postman Always Rings Twice By Dashiell Hammett And The Maltese Falcon As A Hard Boiled Story950 Words   |  4 PagesMajor Works The following list is a great start for those who want to read the classic hard-boiled stories that have defined what is meant by a hard boiled fiction. The Maltese Falcon by Dashiell Hammett. The Postman Always Rings Twice by James M Cain. It caused a scandal with its explosive mix of violence and sex. The torrid story of Frank Chambers, the amoral drifter, Cora, the sullen and brooding wife, and Nick Papadakis, the amiable but inconvenient husband, has become a classic of its kindRead MoreThe Golden Age of Detective Fiction1045 Words   |  4 Pages   Golden Age of detective fiction involved the genre apex that embodied different relevant elements that made a form appealing. It involves the collection of the created atmosphere in novels, the complex solved puzzle. The puzzle was solved by sheer with or with no modern forensic science help and the nostalgia that provoked the people to continue reading the novel. Even as authors like Sir Arthur Conan Doyle and Edgar Allan Poe gave birth to the modern story of detection, the Golden age authors

Family Structure Single Parent And Divorced - 2646 Words

Single parent and divorced, shared-custody families have become more common place in American society over the past fifty years. During the 1940s and 1950s, â€Å"85% of children lived in two-parent families, 70% lived in an intact (biological or adoptive) two-parent family, and the remaining 15% lived in two-parent stepfamilies†¦.. however, since the 1970s, there has been a large increase in the proportion of children living with never-married mothers (from 1.1% in 1970 to 6.7% in 1988) or divorced mothers (from 3.5% in 1970 to 7.8% in 1988)† (Shiono and Quinn par. 2). Since there has been an increase in divorced and never-married mothers taking care of families, there have been countless studies done on how different family structures affect the children involved and the family unit as a whole. I believe that the two biological parent family structure is the best for children and society because it provides stability, allows for stable financial income, and also prevent s role strain for the parents. From a functionalist perspective, single parent and shared-custody families are seen as unacceptable for society. Functionalists see the family as an important part of society, and all parts must be functional to keep society balanced and running smoothly. When one part of the society becomes dysfunctional, then the whole system breaks down. When the family unit, which is a core part of society, breaks down there are numerous issues that can occur. The family becomes dysfunctionalShow MoreRelated`` How And Deal With Moral Tales : Constructions And Strategies Of Single- Parents Families884 Words   |  4 PagesConstructions and Strategies of Single- Parents Families† published in the June 2014 edition of Journal of Marriage and Family†. It explored social structure and attitude toward single-parent families and how these families adapt to such beliefs. Within this study they explored the concepts of social structure, and the breaking of soc ial norms within an ideal family. Also, this study could be hinder with the perspective of the research participates being families with ten year old children who theyRead MoreAdvantages And Disadvantages Of A Traditional Family1569 Words   |  7 Pages a traditional family is a family structure that consists of a man, woman, and one or more of their biological or adopted children. Most men and women have goals of falling in love, getting married and raising children together. The U.S Census Bureau conducted research in 2010 and discovered that there are only 20% of traditional families in the US. Most families share common beliefs, rites, and religions. Generally, these families have the same typical daily schedule; the parents wake up, get theRead MoreWhat Are The Positive And Negative Consequences Of Divorce On Child Development?1626 Words   |  7 PagesSometimes it’s better to say goodbye†: What are the positive and negative consequences of divorce on child deve lopment? Introduction In this 21st century the family concept is continuiously changing dynamic, there can be two males or two females as parents. Parents that are going through divorce or an increase in marital dissolution are often concerned about the effect that it will have on their children. They wonder if they are sacrificing their childrens health and happiness for their own selfishRead MoreEffects Of Divorce On Children s Socio Economic Success Essay1704 Words   |  7 Pages41430 Prof. Savage 4 Dec. 2016 Effects of Divorce on Children s Socio-Economic Success The family is the lowest unit within the social structure. Basically, a family consists of a couple and their children. Socially, a â€Å"full† family unit is respected while â€Å"one† units are stigmatized. In the past decade, an extensive literature has been developed in relation to the interplay between family structure, family change and child outcomes. In the developed world, marriage is no longer a priority particularlyRead MoreThe Effect of Divorce on Parent and Child Essay811 Words   |  4 Pagesis a plague that is destroying numerous families across the United States of America. Sadly, when husbands and wives divorce, the children are often caught directly in the middle. Throughout the years divorce has been becoming more and more common. In the 1920s it was a rare find to know a person whom had been divorced, today it is a rarity not to know of one who has been, or will be divorced. Divorce has numerous effects on the structures of families, and many de vastating effects on the childrenRead MoreBroken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children1253 Words   |  6 PagesBroken Family Structure Leads to Educational Difficulties for Children UNITED STATES, January 16, 2006 (LifeSiteNews.com) - The U.S Center for Marriage and Family released a study in November 2005 that shows broken family structures consistently lead to education difficulties for children. â€Å"When it comes to educational achievement,† the study says, â€Å"children living with their own married parents do significantly better than other children.† The report found that children from non-intact familiesRead MoreHow Divorce Has Changed Changing Society1491 Words   |  6 Pageswoman in the marriage was unable to conceive children the divorce would be granted to the man. This remained the standard practice until the 1970’s with the introduction of â€Å"no-fault divorces† (Croteau). â€Å"No-fault† divorces were divorces granted to a family based solely on the request of one of the partners (Croteau). This legal decision was due in part to legal and cultural changes taking place in society. For one, there was a developing concept of each person in the relationship being an equal partnerRead MoreA Single Parent Has Not Been Viewed As A Positive Thing1412 Words   |  6 Pages A single parent has not been viewed as a positive thing for a family. It has become very prevalent in society, although being raised by one parent does not seem very possible. What people need to understand is that to properly raise the child is not one that relies on the stereotypical family structure. The properly raised child is based off the morals and values that their parents taught as the child grew. All that is seen by people is the difference between having a child with one parent or twoRead MoreAnalytical Response to Barbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"Stone Soup† Essay680 Words   |  3 PagesOctober 4, 2008 Analytical Response to Barbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"Stone Soup† Barbara Kingsolver’s â€Å"Stone Soup† is a personal response to society’s view of the â€Å"broken† family. Kingsolver believes that society has for too long criticized divorce, remarriage, single parenthood, gay parents, and blended families, and that alternative families deserve equal standing in our society. In response to reading Kingsolver’s essay, this paper will serve to show which parts of â€Å"Stone Soup† are supported by outsideRead MoreFamily Structure And Children s Educational Success1280 Words   |  6 Pages Family Structure and Children’s Educational Success Taylor Yonce Sociology 2010-Section 012 Shannon McDonough 11/23/15 Introduction Nontraditional family structures have become more common and accepted throughout today’s society than in the past. This shift in family structure could have great implications for children and their future success. I chose to research whether children raised in traditional families tend to achieve more academically than those raised

Irans Nuclear Agreement With The P-5

Question: Describe about the Irans Nuclear Agreement With The P-5. Answer: A case on Iran's Nuclear Agreement with the p-5 P5 refers to the five permanent members of UN namely China, Russia, France, United States and United Kingdom. With the joining of Germany, it is known as P5+1. As viewed by Katzman and Kerr (2015)[1], it is a group of six world powers which had joined in 2006 in a diplomatic effort with Iran towards the nuclear program. On July 14th 2015, Iran Nuclear Deal was made as an international agreement on the nuclear program of Iran. It was under this agreement that Iran agreed to eliminate the available stockpile of medium enriched uranium by 98% and in addition reduce the gas centrifuge for over 13 years. It has been undermined that for the upcoming 15 years, Iran will be enriched with Uranium up to 3.67% (Bowen and Moran 2015)[2]. In addition to this, Iran also agreed on the point that there will not be availability of any heavy-water facilities for the time being (Katzman and Kerr 2015). The Uranium-enrichment activities will be limited to single facility, only by using the first generat ion centrifuges at least for the next 10 years. Any kind of risks will also be proliferated. The International Atomic Energy Agency was complied with an agreement to monitor and verify all kinds of Iranian nuclear facilities. Development of Iranian nuclear technology had begun in the 1970s when US had proposed the Peace program to provide assistance to Iran. In this respect, Iran had signed the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of the Nuclear Weapons to establish itself as a non-nuclear weapon state (Bowen and Moran 2015). In the year 1979, the Iranian Revolution took place that resulted in the disarray of the Irans nuclear talent and gave rise to a revolution. It was during this time, Iran got engaged with a costly war with Iraq in the year between 1980 and 1988. In the late 1980s, Iran restarted its nuclear program and by this time got assistance from the countries like Pakistan, China and Russia and started pursuing an indigenous nuclear fuel cycle that developed a uranium mining infrastructure (Katzman and Kerr 2015). This was an evident experimentation of the conversion and enrichment of uranium. It was by this time considered that Iran was no longer using any kind of nuclear cover program for clandest ine weapon development. It was thus evident that Iran had always focused on peaceful nuclear work. In 2003, with the prospect of being referred to the Security Council of UN, Iran entered into a diplomatic relation with other developed countries like France, Germany and the United Kingdom. However, United States did not involve in this negotiation. With the Tehran Declaration, Iran completely agreed to temporarily suspend the uranium enrichment and conversion of the uranium activities (Bowen and Moran 2015). It was not an easy proposal for the Iranian government but the country felt heavy on demand and light on incentives and sent notification to resume the conversion of Uranium. It was further demanded that Iran should cease the enrichment activities and impose sanctions on Iran that included bans on the transfer of nuclear and missile technology and at the same time freeze on the entities of nuclear weapons to keep the country under pressure (Dupont 2016)[3]. Role of former US President, Barack Obama cannot be declined. In 2009, it was revealed that there is an existence of an underground enrichment facility that was built on another nuclear facility (Katzman and Kerr 2015). It was due to this factor, Iran was considered as the centre of non-proliferation regime and got threatened to take military action from Israel. Further investigation indicated that Iran has a technological as well as industrial capacity that can help the country to produce more nuclear weapons at some point of time. A joint agreement was made to utilize the available nuclear resources (Dupont 2016). This was the Geneva agreement where Iran agreed to roll back its nuclear agreement on the condition that there will be relief from some sanctions. In 2015 the Iran nuclear deal framework was signed and it was accepted that there shall be certain restrictions on the nuclear program at least for the next decade (Bowen and Moran 2015). Negotiation was made towards a Joint Co mprehensive Plan of Action that was based on a framework of nuclear deal. With the implementation of this agreement, a long term agreement was established on Irans sensitive nuclear fuel cycle activities. It was undermined that Irans plutonium path to bomb will be eliminated. At least the agreement will be expanded to next 12 months (Dupont 2016). Therefore, a monitoring activity was layered and a safeguard agreement giving access to international inspections for any kind of Iranian facilities concerning military sites to safeguard the required early notification of design or any other nuclear projects by Iran. An important part has to be mentioned here. Germany plays a vital role in the entire Irans nuclear program. Germany had the largest share in exporting goods and Iran is the key trading partner (Bowen and Moran 2015). There are a number of German companies that trades with the petrochemical sectors of Iran. These Companies include Linde, Lurgi, Krupp, Volkswagen and others. In fact, the largest share of Irans export market is with Germany (Katzman and Kerr 2015). The export with Germany has increased by 8.9%. Therefore, the overall bilateral trade was as high as 2.98 billion Euros (Dupont 2016). However, there has been a shift in the business ties in the short term and long term business in the interest of US and thus, there remains less chances of any kind of political pressure from the US. The sanction made on the nuclear impact helped to relief its key nuclear restrictions and other non proliferated commitments. In fact, the sanction served as an incentive for Tehran to follow the obligations in the long term. As pointed out by Chari (2014)[4], that US might believe that by rejecting the agreement there still remained the chance of increased pressure to coerce the leaders in Tehran to dismantle the Irans nuclear program and get back to better terms. With the necessary European allies and international support for any basic Iran related sanctions that would significantly help to expand the capacity of the country to produce bomb-grade materials. Iran cannot move rapidly towards the manufacturing of nuclear weapons. It was made clear that all extra centrifuge machines will be removed and all other infrastructures like piping, vacuum and others will be taken out (Grove 2015)[5]. In fact, it has been hoped that Iran shall be using these machines to repair the other broken machines and not to produce any other machines. This had reduced the number of machines under at least 500. More information was revealed regarding the availability of the stockpile of the uranium and other uranium enriched substances. Approximately, 10, 000 kg of the available uranium was brought down to as low as 300 kilograms (Chari 2014). This can be said that Uranium of all kinds was included in this huge amount of findings. It was with the availability of the uranium, Iran would be able to convert the gas into oxides and the gas can be further enriched to produce the gas back. It was decided that any scrap material will be enriched to 3.67% or even as high as 20% to turn the essential element into fuel (Katzman and Kerr 2015). Therefore, there remained more assurance that Iran cannot obtain the necessary materials required for the production of bomb. It has been observed that Irans defense minister had successfully tested two domestically manufactured missiles. The defense minister has stated that there are issues that are at the red line for Iran and there are no such issues to be d iscussed for the future operations. The impact of the P5+ was greatly observed Israel. It was one of the fundamental impacts that resulted in waging war against both Iraq and Iran (Grove 2015). American boys were sent to kill and get killed. It has to be mentioned that they were successful in their operation in case of the war at Iraq but somehow failed in Iran. Ex President George W. Bush was convinced to bomb against Iraq even when he planted a neoconservative ally around the presidential vision. Israel had some of its best lobbyists in the highest position at the White House (Chari 2014). Therefore, there has been implementation of tough diplomacy and the policy ultimately resulted in imposing severe sanctions to not attack in the country (Katzman and Kerr 2015). The failure that resulted in great losses that Israel had suffered. Israel had the support of both Europe and US. In the joint session of the US Congress, the activities of Israel were prevented from playing major role in the negotiation of P5. An approach was actually made to kill the US part of bargaining and finish the allies with Iran. It can be easily argued that any nuclear weapon that is originally manufactured at Israel if Iran is allowed to enrich with uranium, the Arab regions including Saudi Arabia will also be able to develop a nuclear weapon of their own and it might result in some kind of unfavorable characters. It has been found that Iran as an anti colonial had been working for decades and hoped for a sanction of Iran against the attack of both Israel and US. An important point has been pointed out that in the long term running battle, the battle of US over the never ending demand of forces remained at ultimate profit level with certain ethics that could ultimately starve the nation. The P5 impacts that are related to manufacturing of nuclear weapon eventually can be reduced to only some kinds of disputes related to nuclear technology. It has been suggested that more meetings and confrontations will be carried on. The State Department officials and other advisors will be engaged to that kind of agreemen t that will increase the transparency of the agreement as well as increase the length of the timeline for breaking out any nuclear action capability.

The Incomparable Blossom Dearie Essays - Blossom Dearie, Dearie

The Incomparable Blossom Dearie Hearing Blossom Dearie sing is a surreal experience. She is a vocalist who has a uniqueness, charm, and range unlike any other. A natural cabaret singer best suited to comedic songs and other"light"repertoire, Blossom can just as quickly turn around and draw you into the most aching, beautiful love song possible. She is the girl you fall in love with because her lyrics leave you with the impression that she too is in love, and you can not help but smile. A singer, pianist and songwriter, with a 'wispy, little-girlish' voice, Dearie is regarded as one of the great supper club singers (Line) Her father was of Scottish and Irish descent; her mother emigrated from Oslo, Norway. Countless rumors surround the origin of Blossom's name, but the story that has outlived all others has been that she gained the name ?Blossom? when her brothers arrived home to greet their new baby sister with a basket full of peach blossoms. The name Dearie, according to Blossom, is a fairly common Scottish name ? a topic on which she has done an extensive amount of research. (29 Richardson) She began taking piano lessons when she was five, and studied classical music until she was in her teens, when she played in her high school dance band and began to listen to jazz. Some of Blossom's early influences included Art Tatum, Count Basie, Duke Ellington and Martha Tilton, who sang with the Benny Goodman Band. Dearie graduated from high school in the mid-40s and moved to New York City from her hometown of East Durham, nestled in the Catskill Mountains of Upstate New York, to pursue a music career. She joined the Blue Flames, a vocal group within the Woody Herman Big Band, and then sang with the Blue Reys, a similar formation in the Alvino Rey Band. In 1952, while working at the Chantilly Club in Greenwich Village, Dearie met Nicole Barclay who, with her husband, owned Barclay Records. At her [Nicole's] suggestion, she went to Paris and formed a vocal group, the Blue Stars. The group consisted of four male singers/instrumentalists, and four female singers; there, Blossom sang with Annie Ross, gaining critical acclaim for their performances in the Mars Club, the Club de Paris along the Paris nightclub circuit. While in Paris, Dearie met impresario and record producer Norman Granz, who signed her to Verve Records. She eventually made six solo albums, including the highly regarded My Gentleman Friend with this label. Unable to take the Blue Stars to the USA because of passport problems (they later evolved into the Swingle Singers), she returned to New York in 1956 and resumed her solo career, singing to her own piano accompaniment at New York nightclubs such as the Versailles, the Blue Angel and the Village Vanguard. She also appeared on US television shows hosted by Jack Paar, Merv Griffin and Johnny Carson. In 1966 she made the first of what were to become annual appearances at Ronnie Scott 's Club in London, receiving excellent reviews as ?a singer's singer, whose most important asset was her power to bring a personal interpretation to a song, while showing the utmost respect for a composer's intentions?. (qtd. 33) In the 60s she also made albums for Capitol Records, including May I Come In?, a set of standards arranged and conducted by Jack Marshall. In the early 70s, disillusioned by the major record companies' lack of interest in her kind of music, she started her own company, Daffodil Records in 1974. Her first album for the label, Blossom Dearie Sings, was followed by a two-record set entitled My New Celebrity Is You, which contained eight of her own compositions. The album's title song was especially written for her by Johnny Mercer, and is said to be the last piece he wrote before his death in 1976. During the 70s, Dearie performed at Carnegie Hall with former Count Basie blues singer Joe Williams and jazz vocalist Anita O'Day in a show called The Jazz Singers. In 1981 Blossom appeared with Dave Frishberg for three weeks at Michael's Pub in Manhattan. Frishberg, besides being a songwriter, also sang and played the piano, and Dearie frequently performed his

Free sample - Participative Leadership. translation missing

Participative Leadership. Participative LeadershipParticipative Leadership The purpose of this paragraph is to analyze Rok’s article â€Å"People and skills Ethical context of the participative leadership model: taking people into account† (2009). In this article, Rok states that participative leadership is a leadership that involves employees across levels of the hierarchy in decision-making. Participatory systems allow employees and external strategy, protects organizational responsiveness, and holds the managers accountable. Rok also states that it is possible for employees to participate, and when they do participate they see the whole system as one with equal opportunities for all, as a system that is more fair (2009, p. 468). Spreitzer claims that Participative Leaders expect from their subordinates to create and implement various decisions. They might seek from employees to participate in making important decisions and to evaluate others’ ideas or points of view. They might show more tolerant behavior to their employees when it comes to differences in the organization, because they know those differences can upgrade and bring better quality to making decisions. (2007, p. 1090). Bainbridge supports Speitzer, claiming that Participative Management style is a style that requires involvement of employees by â€Å"creating formal mechanisms through which employee voices can be heard† (1996, p. 25) by the managers that make decisions and, sometimes, by letting employees to state their opinion in the making of decisions. Participatory style might lead to greater job satisfaction, which, combined with the flexible work rules, results in a greater intensity of effort from that workers are willing to invest when dealing with tasks (1996, p. 25). Kahai also claims that a participative leader would encourage his followers to contribute when the problem-solving situation occur, without instructing any directions on how to approach the task that needs to be solved (et al. 2004, p. 72). Participative Leadership encourages involvement and participation of employees in making decisions related to the work of an organisation. They are more tolerant to opinion-differences and can provide employees with greater job satisfaction. Directive Leadership The purpose of this paragraph is to analyze Kahai’s article â€Å"Effects of Participative and Directive Leadership in Electronic Groups† (2004). In this article, Kahai states that the directive leaders present themselves as the ones in charge during solving problems and provided, and gave the directions to participants. Directive leadership improves performance by supporting participants to focus on relevant aspects of a problem (2004. p. 94). The structure that directive leader provided was relevant for keeping participants focused on relevant aspects of the tasks when the task was less structured (2004, p. 96). Andrews has also suggested that directive leaders make decisions, they allocate resources and direct action of their employees in order for them to complete the task (1998, p. 131). This type of leader can be related to traditional notions of a transactional leader (1998, p. 133). Pearce have stated that this type of leadership relies on power of the position (legitimate power). Directive leaders often use directions, give commands and use intimidation as main mechanisms to control subordinate behavior (2003, p. 275). He has, also, claimed that directive leaders initiated activities within the group, organized their activity, defined how the work has to be done, established clear and precise communication, supports achievement of a goal, assigned tasks to employees, suggested some views to the problems, and coordinated activities of subordinates (2003, p. 277). Directive Leadership excludes employees from decision-making process and determines how the work has to be done. This type of leadership should be preferred when tasks are less structured and when participants need to focus on relevant aspects of a problem. Entrepreneurial Leadership The purpose of this paragraph is to analyze Fl?istad’s article â€Å"Entrepreneurial Leadership† (1991). In this article, Fl?istad states that the entrepreneurial culture is a creative culture, which care about their employees, and this culture recognizes and supports employee's individual capabilities and talents. Instead of deciding what others must do, the task in this less pyramidal, organisation is under the influence of circumstances. Organisation supports employees' active participation in creative processes, and it allows employees to demonstrate and achieve their maximum (1991, p. 30). The group presents itself with several alternative ideas and solutions between which to decide (1991, p. 31). Prabhu suggests entrepreneurial leaders might have a mission that is the social change and development of their client group. These leaders are considered to have high levels of emotional energy, which can be seen in the persistence shown by them. They are capable of withstanding social censure, they are sensitive to feelings of others, can develop clear organisational vision, can develop confidence in employees, can think creatively, and they can work for long periods (1999, p. 142,143).   Peters have stated that entrepreneurial leader has an influence on the way employees evaluate job as finally only they are responsible to motivate employees (2005, p. 576). Ng and Thorpe stated that Entrepreneurial Leadership might be helpful to some organizations to grow and survive under family control (2010, p. 457). Entrepreneurial Leadership is committed welfare of their employees. It recognizes and supports employee's individual capabilities and talents, supports employees' active participation in process of decision-making and encourages employees’ creativity when dealing with tasks. References Andrews, J.P., Field, R.H.G. (1998). Regrounding the concept of leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal 19/3, pp. 128–136 Bainbridge, S. M. (1996). Participatory Management within a Theory of the Firm. Available at SSRN: Fl?istad, G. (1991). Entrepreneurial Leadership. Leadership Organization Development Journal, Vol. 12 No. 7, 1991, pp. 28-31, Gretchen Spreitzer (2007). â€Å"Participative Organizational Leadership, Empowerment, and Sustainable Peace†, Journal of Organizational Behavior, Volume 28, Issue 8, pages 1077-1095 Kahai,   S.S., Sosik, J.J., Avolio, B.J. (2004). Effects of Participative and Directive Leadership in Electronic Groups. Group Organization Management   29: 67 Ng, W., Thorpe, R. (2010).Not another study of great leaders Entrepreneurial leadership in a mid-sized family firm for its further growth and development. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour Research Vol. 16 No. 5, pp. 457-476 Pearce, C.L., Sims Jr, H.P., Cox, J.F., Ball, B., Schnell, E., Smith, K.A., Trevino, L. (2003). Transactors, transformers and beyond A multi-method development of a theoretical typology of leadership. Journal of Management Development Vol. 22 No. 4, pp. 273-307 Peters, M. (2005). Entrepreneurial skills in leadership and human resource management evaluated by apprentices in small tourism businesses. Education à ¾ Training Vol. 47 No. 8/9, 2005 pp. 575-591 Prabhu, G.N. (1999). Social entrepreneurial leadership. Career Development International 4/3, 140–145 Rok, B. (2009). People and skills Ethical context of the participative leadership model: taking people into account. Emerald Group Publishing Limited, Vol. 9 No. 4 2009, pp. 461-47

Writing a Character Reference Full Template

Writing a Character Reference Full Template SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Thoreau once wrote, â€Å"The language of friendship is not words but meanings.† In the case of a character reference, the language of friendship involves both words and meanings. If you’re tasked with writing a character reference, then your mission is to write about your friend and all her amazing qualities. How exactly can you fulfill this mission of writing an outstanding character reference? This guide will help you through the writing process with a template for your letter. To begin, let’s go over the purpose of a character reference. What’s the Purpose of a Character Reference? You might have a friend, relative, or neighbor ask you to write a character reference. You usually base this reference on your personal, rather than professional, relationship with the subject. There are a few different reasons why someone might need you to write her a character reference. In the Professional World... Some people need a character reference for a job. Hiring managers could ask for one as a way to get to know the candidate on a more personal level. They might also want to make sure the candidate is trustworthy, particularly if the job calls for a high level of ethics. My friend, for instance, recently provided a referencefor his friend applying to the U.S. State Department. If the applicant didn’t provide at least three great character references, then there was no way he was gettinghigh level security clearance. Another reason that a job candidate might seek a character reference is to use it as a supplement to her application. If she’s young and hasn’t had many jobs before, then she may add a personal letter to support her cause. Outside the Professional World... Outside of job applications, there are other circumstances that call for a personal recommendation. Someone might be applying to a position in the community, like membership in a local club. Students could need a character reference as they apply to scholarships or awards. People looking to adopt or provide foster care for a child often need character references. They also seek them when trying to buy a house or condo. Finally, character references can also be used to support someone in court. The purpose of your letter will shape what you say to some extent. For this article, I’ll focus on a character reference that gives insight into someone’s personal attributes and could most realistically be used for a job or volunteer-type position. In a general sense, all character references share the same mission: to reveal the subject’s personal strengths and to show support. If you’ve taken on this mission, how can you produce a memorable character reference? This guide will lead you through the writing process, step by step. Whether your friend wants to get a job, buy a house, or go on the next mission to Mars, your character reference should explain why she's the best person for the role. Writing a Character Reference: 4 Steps While there are several ingredients that go into producing a strong letter, there are two in particular that stand out. The first is organizing your thoughts in a clear and meaningful way. The second is giving specific examples to paint a picture of the subject. These are two of the most important lessons in crafting a strong letter, but also two of the most challenging to carry out. To help you meet this challenge, I’ve broken down the writing process into four steps. The first, you might be happy to hear, doesn’t require you to do any writing yet! Step 1: Speak to theCandidate The responsibility for this first step of the letter writing process actually falls on the shoulders of the person asking for the letter. She should share details of the letter’s purpose, whether it’s for a job, community position, or house, for example. She might have ideas for qualities or stories you could share in your letter. If the position seeks someone with a strong code of ethics, then the candidate should let you know to highlight instances when she showed honesty and integrity. The subject of your letter might also share her resume or any other relevant materials. By getting all the important details, you can make sure your character reference is customized and relevant. You both might brainstorm ideas together, too, which brings us to the next stage of the reference writing process. Step 2: Brainstorm Ideas for Your Reference This second stage of your character reference writing process is all about preparation. Take a few moments to gather your thoughts and sort through your ideas for the letter. What qualities jump out when you think about the candidate? What anecdotes could you share to support your evaluation? Why does she deserve to get the position or move into the neighborhood? Some qualities that could jog your thinking include, Ethical, honest, trustworthyDetermined, goal-oriented, hard-workingFair, honestGenerous, giving, helpfulCreative, curiousConsiderate, empathetic, kindLoyal, committed, reliableResponsible, matureCharming, funny, lighthearted, charismaticEasygoing, lightheartedIntelligent, studiousOrganizedPatient, supportive, sensitiveGood listenerGood communicator, well-spokenIndependentResilient Once you’ve brainstormed qualities, pick out three or so to highlight. These should really capture the subject, as well as be relevant to the situation. If you’re writing a letter for a babysitting job, then you might want to zoom in on the candidate’s caring and responsible nature. If you’re supporting someone’s application to buy a house, then you might focus more on her reliability or neighborlyqualities. Once you’ve chosen your top three, think about specific anecdotes you could share when the candidate demonstrated those qualities. As you’ll see in the template below, you should share two to three specific examples to really illustrate the person and validate your description. Once you’ve thought of some ideas, you’re ready to start drafting! Ready to start drafting? Use the roadmap below to reach your destination! Step 3: Draft Your Character Reference with this Template Once you’ve arrived at the drafting stage, you should have some idea of what you want to say in your character reference. You know what the letter is for and have thought of some ways to describe your friend. Once you have yourideas, you can follow a pretty straightforward structure for producing your letter. The following template will go over this structure, piece by piece. To begin, let’s start with basic contact information. Insert Contact Information at the Top Ideally, you can address your reference to a specific person. Writing to a specific person is more personal than, â€Å"To Whom It May Concern.† If it’s not possible, though, then a more generalized greeting is fine. If you have official letterhead with your contact information at the top then you should go ahead and use it. If not, then you might write out your contact information on the top left margin, followed by the addressee’s contact information. Your contact information could look something like this: Joe SmithSchool DirectorFun Among Us Daycare5 Main St.Anytown, CA 90210 Below your contact information, insert the details for the person to whom you’re writing, like this: Stella McKayDirectorA+ Tutoring60 School St.Booktown, TX 73344 Below this contact information, start your letter with a salutation of, â€Å"Dear [name].† Once you have your contact information set, you can start in on the introduction. Paragraph 1: The Introduction Now you’re ready to start your letter. You should start out strong with a statement of support. Some positive phrases include, I am honored to support...I am pleased to provide a reference for...I am delighted to be called upon...I am happy to recommend...I have no hesitation in recommending...It’s my pleasure to recommend... Here are a couple examples for starting your letter: 1. It’s my pleasure to recommend Jackieto the position of Intelligence Operations Officer with the U.S. Secret Service. 2. I’m very happy to recommend Aaronfor membership in the Hometown Community Service Club. 3. I’m pleased to provide a reference for Alishaas she seeks a nannying position with your family. In addition to starting out strong, you should also explain who you are and how you know the candidate. Qualify the nature of your relationship so that the reader understands why your opinion is a valuable one. Here are a fewexamples for your next sentence. 1. I met Jackie, my assigned roommate, on the first day of college, and we continued to live together for the next four years. Despite living in different cities aftergraduation, we've remained close friends. 2. Aaron and I developed a strong friendship since he moved in next door four years ago. 3. As Alisha's aunt, I've watched her grow up into a mature and responsible young woman who's always her cousins' first pick for Saturday night babysitter. Once you’ve introduced yourself, you could give a brief summary of what qualities you’ll touch on in the rest of your letter. For example, these lines set up the content in the next couple of paragraphs: 1. Jackie inspiredme with her ethics, intelligence, and ambition throughout our college years and beyond. 2. Aaron's an exceptional neighbor and friend whoactively contributes to the well-being of our community. 3. Alisha's a reliable, warm, and creative person who's skilled atcaring for children of all ages. Overall, your introductory paragraph should consist ofthreeto five sentences. Show your support right off the bat, and make sure to explain who you and why your reference holds weight. Indicate the reason for the reference, and give a brief description of the candidate. Then you can flesh out this description in two to three body paragraphs. Body Paragraphs You couldinclude two to three body paragraphs, depending on what qualities you want to touch on. Each paragraph should have a specific focus; for instance, you could highlight one facet of the person’s character and pair it with an anecdote. You should order the body paragraphs starting with the most relevant point. Consider what qualities the reader of your letter is looking for. What will be most helpful and impressive? Put that quality first. Here are a couple examples for body paragraphs. 1. Jackie is a person of high moral character. Her strong sense of ethics came through in discussions in and out of our political science classes. A real-life ethical test came along junior year, when she found a wallet with hundreds of dollars of cash outside. Keeping any of the money didn’t seem to occur to Jackie for a second, and she tracked down its owner and mailed it back first-class. She’s always someone I can trust to do the right thing and is the first person I think to call when confronted with my own moral dilemmas. 2. Aaron is motivated by a strong sense of social responsibility. He makes a difference everyday in his position as physical education teacher at the middle school and volunteer coach of the soccer and wrestling teams. Last year, the district recognized his contributions with the Coach of the Year award. One of his soccer players, who’d been identified as an at-risk student, said a few touching words about how Aaron believed in him and helped him feel reconnected to school. Aaron's a much-lovedteacher and coach who’s committed to the well-being of his students. 3. Alisha is a creative person who’s able to keep even my energetic kids engaged and happy. She’s chock full of ideas for art projects, sports competitions, and make-believe games. Last time she watched her cousins, they ended up putting together and acting out their own production of Frozen. She’s great at devising activities that are fun, safe, and surprisingly effective at getting kids active and away from their iPads. Of course, your body paragraphs will be customized to the individual. The basic formula of â€Å"description + anecdote† is useful to keep in mind as you draft these. You’ll find a summary of a basic template for the body paragraphs of your character reference below. First, though, let’s consider the final paragraph of your letter, the conclusion. Conclusion and Signature After wrapping up the body paragraphs, you’ve reached the end of your character reference. Your conclusion can just be three to five sentences long, and its content is pretty straightforward. First, you can reiterate your support or high opinion of the candidate. Here are a couple examples of how to do this: 1. In closing, I'd like to reiterate my unequivocal support for Jackie as she seeks appointment to the Secret Service. 2. As you can tell, I think the world of Aaron and recommend him for membership in Hometown Community Service Club without hesitation. 3. Alisha has my highest recommendation as a childcare provider and all-around great human being. Then, you might summarize the points you’ve made or add a few more descriptive words. Remember that the conclusion is your final chance to communicate your recommendation, so you want to leave the reader with a lasting good impression. For instance, you might say something like this: 1. Jackie is not only brilliant,but also a highly ethical person and loyal friend. 2. Aaron's made countlesscontributions to our community and will be able to extend his reach as a club member. 3. Alisha is responsible, patient,and sensitive to the needs of children. Finally, invite the reader to contact you for any further information. Show that you’re happy to confirm your character reference or add anything else via email or phone. You can also thank the reader for her time. 1. Please don't hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. 2. Please feel free to get in touch with any questions. Thank you. At the end, sign your name and print it beneath, perhaps with your phone number and email if they're not at the top of your letter. Then, you’ve reached the end of your character reference! To review, let’s put all the pieces together into this final template. Use the template below to shape your letter from a rough ball of clay to a polished final product. Drafting your Character Reference: Final Template The personal recommendation letter template below reflects the above structure, including the contact information, introductory paragraph, body paragraphs, conclusion, and final signature. YourNamePosition [if relevant]Workplace [if relevant]Street AddressCity, State, Zip Code Addressee's NamePosition [if relevant]Company [if relevant]Street AddressCity, State, Zip Code Dear [Addressee'sName], It's my great pleasure to provide this character reference for[name] for [purpose of letter]. I've been close friends with[name] for the past [number of years]. [Name of candidate] is [two to three descriptors], and I have no doubt that he/she would make an outstanding addition to [company, club, etc]. Please allow me to give threeexamples of her personalstrengths. Body Paragraphs 1 - 3: [Name] stands out for his/her [quality]. Last year, for example, he/she [specific example]. He/she consistently [description of personal attributes]. [Name] is uniquefor his/her [specific qualities].* *Present 2-3 main characteristics of the candidate in the body paragraphs, each with a specific example if possible. Put them in order of importance andrelevance. Usestrongly positive language, but try not to soundover the top. In closing, I'd like to restate my wholeheartedsupport for [name's] as she seeks [purpose of letter]. He/she is [most important qualities]. I have no doubt that she will continue to have great success with [company, club, etc]. Please don't hesitate to contact me for any further information. Thank you for your time. Sincerely, [Signature] NamePosition [if relevant]EmailPhone Number Of course, the body paragraphs leave a lot of space for customization. This space allows you to make your personal recommendation letter unique to the candidate. Once you’ve drafted your letter, you just have one more important step in the writing process. Step 4: Edit for Clarity Before sending off your character reference, take a few minutes to edit and revise. First, make sure there are no spelling or grammar errors. Beyond fixing any mistakes, take a look at your writing and make sure it’s clear. Whoever’s reading your letter may not have a ton of time to look closely at every word. Your letter should leave a powerful impression without requiring a big time commitment from the reader. In other words, your goal isto be concise. If you can make the same impact with fewer words, do so. Eliminate unnecessary adverbs and adjectives that add bulk but not meaning.If a sentence feels cluttered, try your best to clean it up. Once you’ve tightened up your writing, your letter is ready to submit! You’ve produced a well-structured reference that compliments the candidate and gives specific examples that speak toher character. In closing, let’s review the key points to remember about drafting a character reference. This wary cat has no reason to worry. Her canine roommate just finished writing an excellent character reference. He didn't even mention her habit of clawing the couch or knocking over glasses of water. Key Points: Writing a Character Reference If you’re writing a character references, chances are you’re writing about a friend, neighbor, or relative. Your task is to write about this person’s favorable attributes and describe what makes him/her special. The content of your letter will largely be shaped by what it’s being used for. If you’re writing for a job, then you may want to shed light on the subject’s personality and relevant qualities, like ethics and trustworthiness. If you’re writing for membership in a community club, then you might talk about the subject’s community connections or leadership. Whatever your letter’s purpose, it should be strongly positive and use specific examples. Rather than turning into a list of adjectives, your letter should have anecdotes that reveal positive things about the subject. By telling stories and using a clear and concise structure, you can produce a stand-out character referenceandimpress yourreaders! What’s Next? Are you interested in professional letters of recommendation for jobs? This guide contains a recommendation letter template to help you through the writing process. Ready to read some referenceletter samples? This article has nine free samples of recommendation letters, including a character reference! Interested in recommendation letters for college? This guide has four amazing recommendation letter samples written by high school teachers.

A Report on Quantum Computing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

A Report on Quantum Computing - Research Paper Example This report outlines an overview of the quantum computing, which is a significant area of modern research. It is aimed at developing computer based tools and machines based on the rules and regulations of quantum theory. Additionally, the quantum theory refers to the performance and environment of material and energy on the quantum, both at the atomic and subatomic level. It is an admitted fact that the quantum computing is not a new idea as it was first emerged in the 1970s. It is an admitted fact that the quantum computing is not a new idea as it was first emerged in the 1970s. In addition, the quantum computing is completely based on the ideas of quantum physics. For example, it uses the properties of atoms offered by definite quantum physics theories to allow them to get together in the form of quantum bits, which can be used for computer's processing (Stewart; Pawliw; Webopedia). This report explains the role and importance of quantum computing in modern day information technolo gy. An Overview of Quantum Computing A quantum computer is a next generation computer that is designed on the basis of laws of quantum physics to boost the overall traditional computational power beyond what is possible through traditional computing machines. Though, the quantum computers have been developed on a small level however a lot of research work is under progress to improve and upgrade them to more realistic models (Jones). Working of a Quantum Computer A quantum computer is a system that ties together the control of atoms as well as molecules to carry out memory related and processing functionalities. A quantum computer stores data and information in form of quantum superposition of the 2 working states (either 1 or 0). These bits are known as the qubits. However, Qubits offer a great deal additional flexibility as compared to the traditional binary computing system. In fact, a quantum computer is capable of carrying out computations on a far superior level of scale as co mpared to customary working systems. In addition, these systems can be used to break and detect complex cryptography and encryption codes. In this scenario, there can be a serious danger with practical quantum computers because they can destroy the world's economic system by detecting secret codes of computers (Jones; Pawliw). Classical Computing and Quantum Computing: A Comparison Classical computing works on the principles of Boolean algebra on the other hand; quantum computers are based on a 7-mode logic gate standard. These systems use two binary states, either 0/false/off or 1/on/true. With these combinations the overall working of traditional computer is performed. On the other hand Quantum computer can operate with a 2 mode logic gate: XOR and a working mode that is known as QO1. Additionally, these computers have the capability to transform 0 into a superposition of 1 and 0. In addition, in a quantum computer, a number of elemental units for example photons or electrons are used (actually, the accomplishment has also been attained with ions), through either their polarization or charge performing like an illustration of 1 or 0. In this scenario, each particle is recognized as a qubit (quantum bit). The nature and behavior of these qubit particles forms the foundation of next generation quantum computing (TechTarget). Quantum Computers Today It is expected that after some years quantum computers will replace traditional silicon chips as in the past transistors replaced the traditional vacuum tube. However, till now, the technology necessary to build up similar quantum computer is beyond our reach. In this scenario, the majority of research works in quantum computing are yet extremely theoretical. In fact, the majority of high level quantum computers have not moved further than manipulating more than seven

Questions to answer Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Questions to answer - Essay Example In determinism, deliberation is necessary as there is uncertainty involved, and the choice made is the one with the most advantageous outcome. In determinism, one can get to choose his motives or prevent the motives from acting on his will. In Determinism, humans are never masters of their own will and motives, and thus they never act freely because one's will gets moved by causes independent to them. Ideas associate independently of us, and they get arranged in the brain without one's knowledge. One's memory depends on his organization, and its fidelity depends on the momentary or habitual state we find ourselves (Tully 175). People's ways of thinking get determined necessarily by their ways of being. Determinism shows that the actions of human beings are never free as they are usually the consequences of their temperament, received ideas and notions of happiness. Others also get determined by educational example and daily experience. According to freedom, the future holds oneâ€⠄¢s possibility with the best outcome. In freedom, one contains in himself causes inherent to his existence. Furthermore, he gets moved by an internal organ that has its own laws and is necessarily determined by ideas, perceptions and sensations received from external objects. We do not know the mechanism of these sensations and perceptions, or the way ideas get printed in the brain because we cannot discern all these movements (Tully284). We cannot also perceive the operations in the soul or principles that act in us. Freedom enables people to be free because they imagine that the soul can willfully call to mind ideas that sometimes suffice to curb passionate desires. According to freedom, there are possible alternative futures and things could have happened differently from the way they did. Freedom entails acting without external constraint. This is dangerous as it involves acting without any intelligence. Determinism ensures humans are cautious and organized in nature as Freedom suggests one being in total control of his motives. One has various opportunities and the ability to choose on one without necessarily deliberating on it. Determinism involves making a choice without considering the consequences of the actions (Tully194). Freedom entails controlling people's will and having motives working on their will. This makes determinism to become the preferred account of human agency as it will lead to shame, regret, and remorse when we undertake decisions without rationalizing on them. Determinism is also correct because it ensures responsibility and efficiency as one chooses an alternative with the most advantageous outcome. William James proposed a two-stage model. In his opinion of free will, In determinism was the cause of what he referred to as alternative possibilities and ambiguous futures. According to him chance was not the direct cause of actions and he made it clear that it was his choice that granted him consent to do an action. In his Oxford St reet and Divinity Avenue thought experiment he intended to explain the two stage decision process. He said both ways could lead him home but he had to choose one as it was ambiguous and matter of chance. By pluralism, he means it is a position which has several principles which are independent and cannot be unified. Monism on the other hand, is where there is only one ultimate principle. Question 3 Locke says that

On a personal experience of cultural adaptation Essay Example for Free

On a personal experience of cultural adaptation Essay Adaptation, originally as a biological concept, is an alteration or adjustment in structure or habits, by which a species or individual improves its condition in relationship to its environment. Every creature on the earth, including human beings, has the essential and innate capacity of adapting to the outer environment. That is on the level of biological adaptation. The evolution of human beings makes them outmatch all the other creatures to develop their own language and culture, which is unique only among themselves. At this time, the adaptation of human beings could not only be confined in the scope of biological one. Cultural adaptation, at this point, is necessary and indispensable for the further development of human beings. The significance and importance can be represented especially when the cultural contexts or environments have changed no matter it is a change of international, intercultural, interethnic, inter-religion, or inter-region, etc. The term â€Å"microculture†, the counterpart of â€Å"macroculture†, can refer to a social group that shares distinctive traits, values, and behaviors that set it apart from the parent macroculture of which it is a part (Gollnick Chinn, 1998). The identity of microculture can be based on traits and values of different ethnic origin, religion, gender, age, socioeconomic status, geographic region, place of residence conditions, and so on, among which, geographic region and place of residence will be what I give my focus on in this paper. The change of geographic region and place of residence will evoke the change in psychology and behavior to adjust and adapt oneself to the new environments. 2. Cultural Adaptation 2. 1 Cultural Adaptation versus Biological Adaptation Human beings, like other living creatures in the world, also have biological and psychological needs. Other animals fill their needs primarily through biological adaptation, for example, a lion uses speed and sharp teeth and claws to capture and eat its prey. However, our human beings develop forms of knowledge and technologies that enable them to get the necessary energy from the environment and make life more secure. This knowledge and technology forms a core of culture that can be passed from generation to generation and group and group, so human beings adapt to their world culturally (Nanda Warms, 2002). Cultural adaptation has some distinct advantages over biological adaptation. Because human adapt through learned behavior, they can change their approach to solving problems more quickly and easily. However, creatures whose adaptations are primarily biological change slowly (Nanda Warms, 2002). Adaptation, coming being into one of the basic characteristics of culture, makes people develop to accommodate environmental conditions and available natural and technological resources (Gollnick Chinn, 1998). Culture, in fact, is the way human beings adapt to the world (Nanda Warms, 2002). 2. 2 The Definition of Cultural Adaptation From the aspect of sociology and anthropology, cultural adaptation is the long-term process of adjusting and finally feeling comfortable in a new environment (Kim Gudykunst, 1988). Immigrants who enter a culture more or less voluntarily and who at some point decide to adapt to the new cultural context experience cultural adaptation in a positive way. Cultural adaptation, especially intercultural adaptation is broadly used in the literature of intercultural communication studies, and according to Kim, it refers to the process of increasing the level of fitness of people to meet the demands of a new cultural environment. It deals with how sojourners or new immigrants experience the distress caused by mismatches or incompatibility between the host culture and the culture of birth (Fan, 2004). 2. 3 Models of Cultural Adaptation 2. 3. 1 The Anxiety and Uncertainty Management Model This model was put forward by communication theorist William Gudykunst. He stresses that the goal of effective intercultural communication can be reached by reducing anxiety and seeking information, the so-called uncertainty reduction (Gudykunst, 1995). The uncertainty can be classified into different types. Predictive uncertainty is the inability to predict what someone will say or do. Explanatory uncertainty is the inability to explain why people behave as they do (Martin Nakayama, 2000). In fact, some level of anxiety is optimal during an interaction. Too little anxiety may convey that we don’t care about the person. Too much anxiety causes us to focus only on the anxiety and not on the interaction. This model assumes that to communicate effectively we will gather information to help us reduce uncertainty and anxiety. The theory predicts that the most effective communicators are people who have a solid self-concept and self-esteem, have flexible attitudes (a tolerance for ambiguity, empathy) and behaviors and are complex and flexible in their categorization of others (Martin Nakayama, 2000). 2. 3. 2 The U-Curve Model This model, applied to many different migrant groups, is based on research conducted by a Norwegian sociologist, Sverre Lysgaard, who interviewed Norwegian students studying in the United States. The main idea is that migrants go through fairly predictable phases in adapting to a new cultural situation. The first phase is the anticipation or excitement phase. The second phase, culture shock, happens to almost everyone in intercultural transitions. During this phase, migrants experience disorientation and often a crisis of identity. Because identities are shaped and maintained by one’s own cultural context, experiences in new cultural contexts often raise questions about identities. The third phase is adaptation. In this phase, how much of the migrants should be changed and to what degree should he or she to adapt is what should be pay attention to (Martin Nakayama, 2000). 2. 3. 3 The Transition Model Culture shock and adaptation have been viewed as a normal part of human experience, as a subcategory of transition shock. Janet Bennett (1998), a communication scholar, says that culture shock and adaptation are just like any other transition, such as going away to college, getting married, or moving from one part of the country to another. Psychologists have found that in this model most individuals prefer either a â€Å"flight† or â€Å"fight† approach to unfamiliar situations. The first preference, the â€Å"flight† approach, is to hang back, get the lay of the land, and see how things work before taking the plunge and joining in. The second preference, the â€Å"fight† approach, is to get in there and participate. Migrants who take this approach use the trial-and-error method. Individual preference is a result of family, social, and cultural influences. An alternative to fight or flight is the flex approach, in which the migrant uses a combination of productive fight or flight behaviors (Martin Nakayama, 2000). 3. Microculture or Subculture Microculture, as a counterpart of macroculture, refers to these groups which exist within the context of a larger society and share political and social institutions as well as some of the traits and values of the microculture. It can also be called subsocieties or subcultures. These cultural groups are called microcultures to indicate that they have distinctive cultural patterns while sharing some cultural patterns with all members of the macroculture and their unique patterns will identity themselves as members of their particular group. Cultural identity is based on several traits and values learned as a part of the national or ethnic origin, religion, gender, age, socioeconomic status, geographic region, place of residence conditions and so on (Gollnick Chinn, 1998).

Mothers Against Drunk Driving Essay -- Alcohol Teenagers Papers, DUI

Mothers Against Drunk Driving In the year 2001 more then 800,000 injuries occurred in the United States from alcohol related accidents, while more than 40% of automobile crashes were due to the abuse of alcohol (MADD homepage). These overwhelming statistics are just a small piece of the very large puzzle that stuns the nation with deaths every year. For some people, these statistics are more than just phrases on paper they are words that are haunting reminders of the tragedies and losses they have experienced in their lifetime. One such mother was so distraught by the loss of her thirteen year old daughter Carrie Lightner, who was killed by a drunk driver, began the organization Mothers Against Drunk Driving (MADD). On the other side of the country another mother was feeling the same pain as her five and a half month old daughter, Laura Lamb, took her last breath after a drunk driver struck their car. Together these women joined forces to share their sufferings with others in the same situation, while striving to prevent future accidents and conditions such as the ones they had just experienced. Since MADD has been in existence there has been a 43% decline in alcohol related traffic fatalities (MADD stats and resources homepage). It has consistently been providing statistics on excessive drinking, complete drunk driving research, the effects of underage drinking, laws regarding alcohol, and current news stories. MADD is not just advertised on the television and library, but has continuously been able to reach the public through the use of the internet. The website www.madd.org has reached thousands of people to spread the word of the harmful effects of alcohol abuse whether the consumer is underage or not. The large load of ... ...ople still take the keys after drinking alcohol. The holiday season is traumatic to so many families as in the year 2001 there were 4,943 deaths between Thanksgiving and New Years because of alcohol abuse (MADD statistics and resources). When is enough, enough? When will the public take some initiative and responsibility? When will people start paying closer attention to their actions and then the consequences? MADD has already taken this step and has been working for the past twenty years in making a difference. There endless support and dedication to the issue is clearly a necessity as they have worked to create programs and awareness on the issue. The statistics provided have been so appalling that after one has read the material on the MADD homepage, they will already become aware, but upon continuing to it’s links, the reader will feel the need to take action.

Practice †Theory Analysis Essay

During internship, I was able to witness some incidents in the educational system which is relatively important with regards to the questions of equity and fairness in schools. These reflect various policy issues that I have learned throughout the course. The most evident issue that I have encountered was regarding various forms of discrimination. Despite efforts to promote equality, some people still have their biases, and that is the common root of discrimination.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In one class that I have observed, I noticed that this certain white instructor has a bias towards his white students. This is not obvious because he is not vocal about his preferences, but it can be noticed when he asks questions to the class. As a keen observer, I noticed that he gives the easier questions to his white students, but when it comes to the hard, tricky questions, the ones which usually require analysis and in-depth knowledge, he would call on his black and Asian students. Well, it could have been okay even though they’re called to answer the hard questions, but the problem is, he would usually have his side comments when they are not able to answer.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is not a big deal if a student wasn’t able to answer a teacher’s question or a class problem. This usually happens in any class with any race or gender. But real issue would be the comments being given by the professor. For some, it could be just a joke, but for the students, it could cause them to lose their confidence, thus affect their performance in the class. The whole class would laugh at the student, who gave an incorrect answer, thus lowering his self-esteem.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In my observation, this is a form of discrimination, as his biases towards a certain race would lead to degrading other people. His black and Asian students might loose their confidence and would feel inferior compared to their white counterparts. For me, directing the harder questions to these students would mean that they’re being unfairly treated, even though it is their responsibility to study. Also, giving side jokes and comments by the professor should not be tolerated, as it only strengthens the assumption that he is biased in his profession as a teacher.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The main issue that must be addressed in this case is about discrimination. The teacher in this case can be accused of discrimination by the students who he has allegedly discriminated. There are various forms of discrimination, but the concern in here is racial discrimination. Because of the instructor’s bias towards some of his students, he unknowingly discriminates other students. This is the issue that must be immediately resolved for this case. Another issue that must be addressed is whether or not the instructor is allowed to give side jokes about his or her students’ racial or social status. In the point of view of the involved instructor, he could be unaware that he is already discriminating other races because of his actions. It can be viewed as a joke of some sort as a sign of humor in the class. But for the students involved, they could take it as an insult or something that cold degrade their morale and self-esteem, thus greatly affecting their performance in the class. For other students, it could be seen as something humorous but would truly have an impact on how they would perceive their classmate the joke was directed upon.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several rules that apply in this case of racial discrimination. According to the Equality Rights, under the Constitution Act of 1982, subsection (1) states that â€Å"Every individual is equal before and under the law and has the right to the equal protection and equal benefit of the law without discrimination and, in particular without discrimination based on race, national or ethic origin, color, religion, sex, age, or mental or physical disability† (â€Å"Legal Digest for Ontario Educators,† 2007-2008, p.4). This clearly states that what the instructor has been doing was a violation of the constitutional act of these students, as it discriminates them of their race o their ethnic origin.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In relation to the said equality rights, it is as if the instructor is denying the black and Asian students of the right to equal protection of the law. On my observations, most of his jokes and side comments are directed towards these people whenever they give incorrect answers. He is fond of doing this, which is usually taken by other students as a regular classroom humor. But if the white student incorrectly answers the relatively easy question given to them, the instructor would not make a joke or any reaction to it.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the Part I Freedom from Discrimination of the Human Rights Code under services, it is stated that â€Å"Every person has the right to equal treatment with respect to services, goods and facilities, without discrimination because of race, ancestry, place of origin, color, ethnic origin, citizenship, creed, sex, sexual orientation, age, marital status, family status, or disability† (â€Å"Legal Digest for Ontario Educators,† 2007-2008, p.28). In relation to this, the instructor has clearly deviated from this, as he didn’t acknowledge the black and Asian student’s right to equal treatment with respect to the services being given. As a teacher, the service that he offers is teaching these students lessons and new information on various concerns. Because of his bias towards the white students, he is denying other students of an equal treatment in terms of the services that he offers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In order to address this problem, we should look at it in an unbiased perspective. The concern would be on how to take care of the problem of discrimination. Every student has the right to be accommodated and to be served, and this is according to the Part IV, Boards, Duties and Powers under no.6 provide instruction and accommodation (â€Å"Legal Digest for Ontario Educators,† 2007-2008, p.27) The first move is to deal with how the instructor treats his students and how he would be able to fairly give out the hard and easy questions. He needs to devise a way which he could randomly pick a student to answer a question regardless of their color or race. This could be done by drawing note cards containing the names of the students. Drawing lots would lessen the need to directly pinpoint which student answers what question.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   If a legal action is to be made against the instructor, then the student should be given the support they need from the parents, and has to be given proper representation in the court of law. If he or she is under 18 years of age, he is still entitled to what should be given to a person more than 18 years old (â€Å"Legal Digest for Ontario Educators,† 2007-2008, p.28). This is according to the   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Accommodation of person under eighteen of the Human Rights Code.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The instructor also has to work on his habit of joking about his students, regardless of the race or class they came from. This could lead to complications like lack of interest in the subject, as well as poor performance in the class. Instead of joking about his students, he could think of similar situations and imaginary names of people to be used when he feels the need to give a joke to the class.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In this exercise, I’ve learned that people view things differently. Their perspectives could be affected by their color or race, so commenting or joking about this matter could directly affect their feelings. Because of this, we must be careful of what we say or do, as we don’t know how others might perceive our actions or statements. References: Legal Digest for Ontario Educators, 2007-2008. (2007).  Ã‚   Retrieved February 9, 2008, from www.e-laws.gov.on.ca   

Agriculture in the Uae Essay

Agriculture in the UAE Lying in the heart of the world’s arid zone, the UAE has little rainfall and one would expect it to be a barren place. Barren places there certainly are, but the process of desertification has very largely been arrested in the country. It is now possible to see forests, fields of grass and wheat where once there were only desert sands and winds. The UAE has a long tradition of agriculture in its oases where crops have been grown for 5000 years. Underground water was chandelled to palm groves and small fields and the technique is still used today. Since the formation of the UAE in 1971, this small scale traditional farming has been complemented by investment that has seen thousands of hectares being cultivated. In the past 25 years, the country’s population has increased ten-fold and agricultural production has kept pace with this growth. The country is self-sufficient in salad crops and poultry for much of the year and even exports crops to markets in Europe. Most of the UAE’s agricultural production comes from four areas: from in and around Al Ain, from a narrow but fertile strip along the east coast, from the oasis of Dhaid east of Sharjah and from the gravel plains in Ras al Khaimah. According to figures from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, agricultural production stands at over Dh 2 billion per year. An average crop season yields over 600,000 tons of crops such as tomatoes, cucumbers, aubergines, lettuce, cabbage and animal feed. Studies have shown that much of the country’s soil can be cultivated provided there is water and as a result, there has been an extensive programme to drill water wells. The government will prepare land for local farmers which they are then given free along with seeds, machinery and advice on pest control. There is also government-funded research on different crops to see how they adapt to the local climate. In an attempt to conserve and use as much water as possible in as many ways as possible, the government has embarked on a three-part programme designed to make the most advantageous use of this scarce resource. First, farmers are given advice on how to reduce their consumption of water, mainly through trickle irrigation. Desalinated water as well as recycled and purified sewage effluent is used. Second, with the help of the United States Geological Survey, the government is searching for ew aquifers and monitoring current rates of extraction. Third and last, to prevent the waste of valuable rainwater, retention dams have been constructed in many areas. These store the water until it can be used for irrigation. Tens of millions of gallons of rainwater are being retained by the dams already built throughout the Emirates. In the long run, of course, it is realized that desalinated water will provide the bulk of agricultural water. There is more to agriculture than simply growing crops. One area that has seen dramatic growth is the keeping of poultry for meat and eggs. The same is true of dairy products. Herds of imported cattle have adapted to the climate and are now producing milk, cheese and yogurt for the local market. The presence of trees and gardens in the UAE is always noticed and commented upon by visitors. Over 10 million trees have been planted plus more than 18 million palm trees. In all the cities and towns of the UAE, there have been beautification campaigns with the creation of parks and gardens for the local people. Any householder, even those in flats, can get free plants from the Municipality under a programme that distributes thousands of plants annually. Besides the greening of the cities and towns there has also been a massive programme in the desert and it is here that most of the trees have been planted. Flying over the desert, one now sees great patches of green where formerly there was only sand. All kinds of arid region plants, both local and imported, have been planted and as they grow to maturity, their roots reach down to the natural water supply. When this happens, they will be able to survive with little care and attention. The face of the land and the environment too have been changed. Wildlife flourishes as do native plants and animals. The UAE was never purely and simply a desert. Today it has become a place where greenery can be seen in both urban and rural areas. Twenty years of dedicated commitment have made the point that the process of desertification is reversible. And given time and money, that is exactly what has happened and is continuing to happen.

Psychosocial Development Life story

Psychosocial Development Life story Abstract The paper focuses on the life of a boy whose father passes away when he is a baby, and who is now raised by less promising mother. It particularly focuses on the relevance of the theories put forward to explain the influence of various factors on the social and psychological development of a child in the early stages of development.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Development: Life story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Theories relating to the overall context development, self and identity development, social development as well as moral development are presented in relation to Davy’s case. It further explores the possible strategies that can be adopted to overcome similar challenges. Introduction The approach to be used to study the influence of various related and unrelated factors in the development of an individual is a differential approach. Generally, this empirical approach uses r esearch methods to study the variations on behaviors of individuals among a group of people. The age of 5-12 years is a very significant stage in the development of a person. At this stage, the child learns ‘the fundamental skills that are valued in their culture, whether these are reading, writing and arithmetic or hunting, fishing and weaving’ (Newman Newman 2008, p276). The experiences that a child acquires at this tender age will generally affect the overall development of the child into a whole being. Life story: A case study Davy was born on September 20, 1988, his mother nearly dying after having an operation. This operation was suggested by the doctor who, on earlier examination of the mother, advised that the foetus had been wrongly positioned and normal birth would be dangerous. The same year, an attempt to overthrow the government was witnessed throwing the whole country into a condition of jeopardy that had to last for months. It was followed by the declara tion of a state of emergency, which later give rise intertribal clashes. The condition took longer than bearable as people could go hungry for days following a restriction on the movements of the civilian. The whole nation was under the military control. Davy’s father who was a casual laborer in some sugar cane industry found it hard to support the family now that the majority of the locals of that area were from a different tribe and these were the conflicting tribes. Just towards the end of the state of emergency, the father of three sons and a daughter sneaked out in the evening to go and buy flour from a shopkeeper who was from the rival tribe but had been a long time friend. The businessperson had been secretly carrying on with his activities despite the harsh prevailing atmosphere and had occasionally escaped gunshots. However, this day they were both unfortunate.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Four consecutive gunshots confirmed to the family that their breadwinner was in danger. Three people were killed in the incidence including the father and the shopkeeper. The state of emergency was later called of and the field supervisor offered to have Davy’s mother replace his father. The task was challenging for the weak mother whose first borne daughter was barely eight years old. Supporting the family became a nightmare and in several instances, the mother would be heard quarrelling her children over very petty issues. Occasionally, she cautioned her daughter that she would soon be married off to somebody so as to help her (the mother) support the family. At this time, Davy was two years old and able to understand when her mother’s emotions started rising. During such instances, he would follow his brothers to go and play with other children in the play field. However, he was not as active as others were since he had not receive d the recommended breast-feeding before being introduced to other hard stuff. This would later affect his education. One evening, when Davy’s sister, Teresia, was ten years old and in Standard IV, her mother came home hurriedly and told her to put on her best dress, as they were to visit some important person. There was always no room for argument and the little children found themselves in the house without any arrangements. At around ten o’clock, their mother came back not with Teresia, but with a stranger whom she told her sons would be their new father. They had never seen their mother drink, but there she was vomiting an irritating medium indicating a mixture of different brands of beer. They portrayed a substantial amount of immorality before the children before retiring to bed. Their conversation revealed to the children that their sister had been forced to marry some casual laborer related to this man. Davy was enrolled in Standard I at the age of eight having taken much time in the preparatory school. He was older than any other pupil in the class was and this would be the topic of discussion whenever they were out for physical education. Nobody dared associate with him despite his attempts to be close to them. Whenever an exercise required two or more pupils, a pupil would only be forced to join Davy by the instructor. He then lost interest in all the co-curricular activities and tried to compensate for that in academics, which was private. This, he managed successfully and was later able to be on top of the class. He did the final exam and excelled as expected. In addition, his older brothers, who had surrendered to the cruelty of life and were now, working in the sugar cane farm, discouraged him from proceeding with education, stressing on the probable financial difficulties.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Psychosocial Development: Life story specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More They had never received bride price from their brother-in-law who was even needier than they were. The brothers aged seventeen, nineteen were now married with children, and they had successfully graduated into the class of drug addicts. Their parents were no longer carrying on well. Occasionally they broke into a fight that would last for hours. The whole family was in the edge of collapse and was the center of gossip in the community. Davy’s former teacher offered to secure him a place in a nearby high school. His mother was completely against it but the teacher managed to convince her that he would lend a hand in paying the fee. Life in a boys’ day school was quite welcoming now that most students were mature. Associating with boys alone was not very challenging. However, hunger knows no bound. When Davy was in his final year of study, his teacher died in a tragic road accident; Davy was greatly shocked and could not concentrate on his revision and yet exams were near. Some of his classmates together with his brothers mocked of being a servant of soft drinks. They argued that physical sciences were not compatible with a sober mind and that joining them would help him overcome the agony as well. He was finally lured into the new denomination. Davy found it hard to quit the habit, which did not solve his problem as hypothesized. Instead, his performance remarkably deteriorated and on some occasions, he appeared in exam room quite drunk. The final results were no better having failed completely in some subjects. His education could not proceed and there was no job he had the potential of performing. His social life was not spared either. At this age, he had not been seen going out with any person. He had the desire, but failed in the ability to convince or even approach any woman. There have been occasional reports of rape and abduction in their area. These have been closely associated to Davy and his allies. The entire community now sees him as a threat to the society. He has no well-known source of income and this causes speculations that he is responsible for other crimes in the area. Significant challenges and issues During his early life, Davy encountered a variety of challenges that would later affect his life in general. The death of his father led to his mother’s future hostility and therefore Davy did not receive the necessary parental love and care. He was also faced with the problem of malnutrition. Davy was not properly breast fed since the mother was their new breadwinner and was mostly in the fields. This led to his being weak and emaciated. Financial instability was a problem in this family. Davy could not attend school adequately and had to rely, later, on his teacher for support. This gave birth to other problems including that emerging from the teacher’s death. All these problems combined to give rise to yet another problem, which was inability to associate. This would later influence his moral values as well.Advertising Looking for essay on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Psychosocial development theories Psychosocial development refers to the advancement of a person’s mind, reasoning ability, emotions, and maturity usually determined by the environmental and biological factors The whole concern of psychosocial development in a juvenile is about answering the ‘who-am-I?’ question. The society will already be exerting pressure on the child to be able to give explicitly his abilities, and the gain to the society from him. Basically, psychosocial development refers to the development of an emerging self-capability of an individual to meet the diverse society expectations. Bronfenbrenner’s theory Bronfenbrenner’s approach to the study of psychosocial developments emphasizes on the relationships between the various dimensions and asserts that a study on an isolated development may not be very appropriate. It gives a transactional approach to both the developmental and educational psychology. It reflects the effects of the immediate surrounding of an individual on his psychosocial development relating to three aspects of man namely: mind, body, and spirit. The first level that influences development includes the family, schools, and religious institutions around, peer pressure as well as culture of a particular group of people (Huitt 2009). Theses can negatively affect the development. Other higher-level factors also exist. In Davy’s case, we observed that the overall development could not be broken into separate entities. Instead, they are all related so that the biological factors affect the bodily growth and development. This in turn interact with the environment and affects Davy’s social life. The interrelation continues to school where we observe the resultant. Environmental and educational psychology are then seen to be in unity. Peer influence is greatly portrayed in luring Davy into drugs. Erikson’s approach Every stage is essential in the psychosocial development of an i ndividual. An interesting fact is that the development time is critical in a person’s life and often can transition into the next stage even before a stage is complete. According to Lerner (2002), the development stage of an individual is ‘governed by the predetermined-epigenetic, maturational timetable and as such a person must develop what is supposed to be developed in each stage of development otherwise there will never be another chance (p419). Erikson’s theory on psychosocial development asserts that there is no second chance in development. If a stage has not been fully completed then it will remain and the aftermath of it all is a resultant alteration in the successive dependent developments. The theory suggests that the whole development process takes place in eight different but inter-related stages. In Davy’s case, we first observe that he did not breastfeed enough. Biologically, he did not receive the required nutritional needs at right time. T hus, the theory asserts that he has no second chance of lactation and what he missed will remain. He will then be forced to proceed to the next stage prematurely. Secondly, Davy did not receive adequate parental love and care. A constant quarrel from his and the inhuman treatment given to his sister and brother had an impact on his psychological development. The parental guidance was not provided at the right time and as such, it would not be possible. His physical weakness could not enable him associate with the other children. This could not be corrected later in his life as was reflected in his inability to associate with schoolmates. Attending school at an older age also deprived him of association capabilities. Kohlberg’s theory and moral development This theory asserts that at the time of birth, ethical and moral behavior of a person is still unpredictable. The future moral standards greatly depend on the immediate environment of the child, which is the family. This was a similar approach by Piaget (1932) who observed that ‘most of the rules that a child learns to respect he receives from the adults’. It hypothesizes that the moral behavior of a child is more predictable, responsible, and consistent with the people at a higher level. The levels of development are three with two stages each. Those in the age of 5-12 years are in the first pre-conventional stage. Here they derive their morals values from what they are punished or warned against regardless of how it reflects on others. According to them, what is moral is what the surrounding adults say. In this case study, Davy is currently seen to have engaged in various immoral activities including rape. This can greatly be attributed to an encounter he had earlier when her mother and new father returned home drunk and were not able to control their behavior and deeds. This could have also added flavor to his current drinking habit. His early misfortune also reflected negatively on his ability to reason. Cognitive development was thus affected as was evidenced in his being influenced into drinking. Cognitive development reflects on one’s understanding of moral standards. As Oakley (2004) observed, â€Å"the development of moral understanding includes not only how children think about such issues but also how they behave in such situations and how they feel about them† (p9). Some possible strategies It can then be deduced that development in general depends on the biological, psychological, and social factors. Solutions to the problems are thus connected to these factors. Overcoming the above problems of psychosocial developments involves integration of various activities. The institutions of learning as well as religious ones should have programs of providing guidance for those that were not privileged to receive good parental care. Medical centers to help solve malnutrition problems should be established. The needy but intelligent children should b e provided with support towards education by the governing authority to avoid such psychological tortures. References Huitt, W. (2009). A Systems approach to the study of human behavior: Educational Psychology Interactive. Valdosta, GA: Valdosta State University. Web. Lerner, R.M. (2002). Concepts and Theories of Human Development. Third Edition. NY: Routledge. Newman, B.M. and Newman, P.R. (2008). Development through Life: A Psychological Approach. Tenth Edition. OH: Cengage Learning. Oakley, L. (2004). Cognitive development: Routledge modular psychology. NY: Routledge. Piaget, J. (1930). The Moral Judgment of the Child. The Free Press. Retrieved from https://archive.org/index.php